![\"Spaas](\"https:\/\/horticom.ee\/e-pood\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/231023_SPAAS_bathroom_0375-250x375.jpg\")
<\/strong><\/h2>\nKasutades esmaklassilist vaha (p\u00f5lemine, l\u00f5hn, v\u00e4rv, lisandid) koos sobiva kuju ja koostisega tahtidega, saab potentsiaalselt kahjulike ainete hulka p\u00f5lemisel v\u00e4hendada miinimumini. K\u00f5ik Spaas alusmaterjalid ja valmisk\u00fc\u00fcnlad vastavad loomulikult Euroopa Liidu kehtivatele kemikaaliseadustele (nt REACH- ja CLP-m\u00e4\u00e4rused), tooteohutust k\u00e4sitlevatele \u00f5igusaktidele ja asjakohastele CEN-standarditele (EN 15426, EN 15493, EN 15494, EN 16738, EN 16739 ja EN 16740). Koolitatud spetsialistid kontrollivad j\u00e4rjepidevalt k\u00fc\u00fcnalde n\u00f5uetele vastavust ja kvaliteedi tagamise spetsialistidest koosnev meeskond kontrollib n\u00f5uete t\u00e4itmist pidevalt ning viib regulaarselt l\u00e4bi nii sise- kui v\u00e4listeste.<\/p>\n
Tarbijate kasutusharjumustel on suur m\u00f5ju<\/strong><\/h2>\nIgal kasutajal endal on oluline roll k\u00fc\u00fcnalde \u00f5igel p\u00f5letamisel, nii tuleohutuse kui ka \u00f5hku eralduvate gaaside \u00e4ra hoidmise osas. Isegi k\u00f5ige paremini toimiv kvaliteetne k\u00fc\u00fcnal v\u00f5ib olla ohtlik, kui seda valesti k\u00e4sitseda.<\/p>\n
Seet\u00f5ttu peaksid tarbijad j\u00e4rgima k\u00f5iki neid punkte:<\/p>\n
\n- \u00c4ra p\u00f5leta k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid tuulet\u00f5mbuses<\/strong>. \u00d5hu liikumine, nt. kui k\u00fc\u00fcnal on avatud akna v\u00f5i ukse l\u00e4hedal, v\u00f5ib leeki h\u00e4irida ja tekitada rohkem tahma.<\/li>\n
- \u00c4ra aseta k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid soojusallika l\u00e4hedusse<\/strong>\u00a0ja hoia sellega sobivat vahemaad. Lisaks tuleohutusprobleemile v\u00f5ib see p\u00f5hjustada leegi suurenemist, mis v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada n\u00e4iteks n\u00e4htavat tahmumist.<\/li>\n
- K\u00e4rbi taht l\u00fchemaks<\/strong>, kui see l\u00e4heb liiga pikaks. Liiga pikk taht v\u00f5ib leeki suureneda nii palju, et see hakkab silmn\u00e4htavalt tahmama.<\/li>\n
- Kustuta leek summutades<\/strong>\u00a0mitte \u00e4ra puhu seda \u00e4ra. Kui leek puhudes kustutatakse, eraldab see tavaliselt veel m\u00f5nda aega mittet\u00e4ielikult p\u00f5lenud osakesi. Seda saab v\u00e4ltida leeki summutades v\u00f5i surudes tahti pintsettidega \u00fcleni vaha sisse kuni see kustub, p\u00e4rast saab selle uuesti p\u00fcsti t\u00f5sta.<\/li>\n
- Kasuta ainult piisava \u00f5hu juurdep\u00e4\u00e4suga k\u00fc\u00fcnlaaluseid<\/strong>. Hapnikupuudus v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada mittet\u00e4ielikku p\u00f5lemist ja n\u00e4htavat tahmumist.<\/li>\n
- \u00c4ra p\u00f5leta liiga palju k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid korraga<\/strong>. Ruumi suurus peaks olema p\u00f5levate k\u00fc\u00fcnalde arvule sobilik. On vahe, kas p\u00f5letad k\u00fcmme k\u00fc\u00fcnalt m\u00f5istlikult suures elutoas v\u00f5i pisikeses vannitoas.<\/li>\n
- Tuuluta p\u00e4rast k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5letamist tuba<\/strong>. V\u00e4rsket \u00f5hku tuppa lasta on alati hea, aga mitte siis, kui k\u00fc\u00fcnlad veel p\u00f5levad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Need juhised on enamasti v\u00e4lja toodud ka Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etikettidel tekstina v\u00f5i graafiliste s\u00fcmbolitena.<\/p>\n
L\u00f5hnakomponendid: korrektne kommunikatsioon + kasutusjuhendid![\"Spaas](\"https:\/\/horticom.ee\/e-pood\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/ESSENTIAL_A-0005-250x375.jpg\")
<\/strong><\/h2>\nL\u00f5hnak\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5letamisel eraldub lisaks ka l\u00f5hnaaineid. L\u00f5hnaained on lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, t\u00e4nu millele me erinevaid aroome tunneme. Sellegipoolest tuleb k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etiketile lisada v\u00f5imalikult palju infot kasutuse kohta, et v\u00f5imalikke ohte ennetada.<\/p>\n
L\u00f5hnak\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00f5ivad tundlikel inimestel allergiaid tekitada. Seet\u00f5ttu on ka k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etikettidel v\u00e4lja toodud teadaolevad allergeenid, kui nende tase tootes on tavap\u00e4rasest tasemest k\u00f5rgem. Valdav enamus kasutajaid saab selliseid k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ilma probleemideta nautida. Need v\u00e4hesed, kes on aga teatud koostisosade suhtes tundlikud, on sellest tavaliselt teadlikud ning nii nagu toidu v\u00f5i kosmeetika puhul leiavad vajaliku teabe allergeenide osas etiketilt. Mittesobivuse korral j\u00e4etakse toode ostmata. Umbes 95% inimestel ei tekita k\u00fc\u00fcnaldes kasutatavad l\u00f5hnaained allergilist reaktsiooni.<\/p>\n
Teaduslikud uuringud<\/strong><\/h2>\nL\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlad<\/h3>\n\n- Bayreuthi Keskkonnauuringute Instituut \u00d6kometric GmbH (Saksamaa, 2007)<\/strong>: Enimkasutatud vahat\u00fc\u00fcpidest (parafiin, steariin, palm, soja, mesilasvaha) koosnevate l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde teaduslik v\u00f5rdlus. \u00d5husaastet testiti enam kui 300 erineva kemikaali osas. Kaks peamist j\u00e4reldust olid j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- P\u00f5lemisel tekkivate t\u00fc\u00fcpiliste saasteainete (nt tolueen, benseen, aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid, lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, PAH-id) koostis ja kogus on erinevate vahat\u00fc\u00fcpide puhul sarnane.<\/li>\n
- Heitkoguste ja realistliku k\u00fc\u00fcnlakasutuse p\u00f5hjal arvutatud kokkupuutetasemed olid sise\u00f5hu rangeimast juhis- ja piirv\u00e4\u00e4rtustest tunduvalt madalamad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Pagelsi jt artikkel<\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/a>: Lundi \u00fclikooli (Rootsi) uuringus uuriti pidevalt p\u00f5levatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest, tahmuvatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest ja p\u00e4rast kustutamist eralduvate osakeste suurust, arvu ja koostist. Leiti, et \u00fchtlase leegiga p\u00f5levad k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad suhteliselt palju \u00fclipeeneid osakesi. Erinevalt muudest t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest allikatest p\u00e4rit osakestest, nagu n\u00e4iteks rehvide h\u00f5\u00f5rdumine v\u00f5i tolm,\u00a0 koosnevad need osakesed enamasti tahi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest anorgaanilistest sooladest, st keha saab neid sissehingamisel lihtsalt lahustada ja v\u00e4ljutada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Taani Keskkonnakaitseagentuur (2018)<\/a>[2]<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0Taani EPA tellitud ja Taani Tehnoloogiainstituudi (DTI) tehtud p\u00f5hjalik uuring kinnitas Pagelsi jt j\u00e4reldusi Taanis k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavate ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlat\u00fc\u00fcpide kohta ja tegi m\u00f5ned lisaj\u00e4reldused:\n
\n- K\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad p\u00f5lemise ajal t\u00f5epoolest suhteliselt palju peenosakesi. Kuid seni, kuni k\u00fc\u00fcnlad on tootjate juhiste kohaselt tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest kaitstud, koosnevad peaaegu k\u00f5ik k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eraldunud osakesed k\u00fc\u00fcnlatahtide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest sooladest. Need soolad lahustuvad vees kergesti, st nad ei ole p\u00fcsivad ja v\u00f5ivad organismist kergesti v\u00e4ljuda.<\/li>\n
- Osakeste tahmasisaldus on v\u00e4ga madal ja palju v\u00e4iksem kui n\u00e4iteks diisli heitgaasis.<\/li>\n
- Raskemetalle, nagu n\u00e4iteks plii v\u00f5i nikkel, ei leitud heitmetes.<\/li>\n
- Lenduvate orgaaniliste \u00fchendite (LO\u00dc) emissioon oli v\u00e4ga madal.<\/li>\n
- Nende oluliste erinevuste t\u00f5ttu ei saa k\u00fc\u00fcnalde poolt eralduvaid osakesi otseselt v\u00f5rrelda teistest allikatest eralduvate osakestega, nt. liikluse j\u00e4rgi.<\/li>\n
- Soovitatav on soetada kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad, kaitsta neid p\u00f5lemise ajal tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest ja k\u00e4rpida taht, kui see liiga pikaks l\u00e4heb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnlad![\"\"](\"https:\/\/horticom.ee\/e-pood\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/231023_SPAAS_tea_0795-GreenTealights-250x375.jpg\")
<\/h3>\n\n- ECA ja NCA uuring aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnalde kohta<\/strong>\u00a0(eeldatav avaldamine: juuli 2020): Fraunhofer WKI (Saksamaa) seni k\u00f5ige p\u00f5hjalikum teaduslik uuring l\u00f5hnastatud ja ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde gaasiliste ja tahkete osakeste heitkoguste kohta. K\u00f5ige olulisemad leiud on j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- Peaaegu k\u00f5igi m\u00f5\u00f5detud parameetrite puhul, mille jaoks on olemas toksikoloogiliselt p\u00f5hjendatud sise\u00f5hu v\u00e4\u00e4rtused (formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, atseetaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, propioonaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, benseen, tolueen, st\u00fcreen, ks\u00fcleenid, naftaleen, limoneen, s\u00fcsinikoksiid ja osakesed PM2,5) on sise\u00f5hu vastavad l\u00fchi- ja pikaajalised kontsentratsioonid ohutult t\u00e4idetud ja m\u00f5nel juhul j\u00e4\u00e4vad kehtestatud ohututest tasemetest tunduvalt allapoole. \u00dche parameetri (benso[a]p\u00fcreen) puhul \u00fcletasid m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad pikaajalisel p\u00f5lemisel veidi WHO soovituslikku v\u00e4\u00e4rtust. Kuna normi \u00fcletati vaid natukene, siis j\u00e4\u00e4b see m\u00f5\u00f5tevea piiridesse ja ka ohutustasemesse.<\/li>\n
- L\u00e4mmastikdioksiidi, mis on teatud temperatuuride \u00fcletamisel \u00f5hus olevast l\u00e4mmastikust ja hapnikust tekkiv tavaline p\u00f5lemisprodukt, \u00f5husaaste emissioon oli koosk\u00f5las WHO ja EL-i pikaajaliste v\u00e4\u00e4rtustega. Vaid kaks k\u00fc\u00fcnalt 24-st \u00fcletasid veidi l\u00fchiajalist v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
J\u00e4reldus<\/strong><\/h2>\nVaatamata sellele, et h\u00e4sti p\u00f5levad, peaaegu t\u00e4ieliku p\u00f5lemisega k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad peenosakesi, ei pea praeguste teadmiste alusel nende osakeste p\u00e4rast muretsema. Teaduslikud uuringud n\u00e4itavad, et saasteainete heitkogused j\u00e4\u00e4vad tavaliselt alla toksikoloogiliste piirnormide, m\u00f5nikord isegi tunduvalt madalamale. Vaid harvadel juhtudel v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00e4ga rangeid piirnorme veidi \u00fcletada, mis ei ole aga kohe oht tervisele. \u00d5husaaste v\u00e4hendamise huvides tuleb v\u00e4ltida mittet\u00e4ielikku p\u00f5lemist, mida iseloomustab tahma v\u00f5i h\u00f5\u00f5guva tolmu n\u00e4htav eraldumine p\u00e4rast k\u00fc\u00fcnalde kustutamist. Selleks on oluline, et kasutusjuhised oleksid l\u00f5pptarbijale selgelt edastatud. Lisaks m\u00e4ngib olulist rolli alusmaterjalide kvaliteet. Seet\u00f5ttu arendab Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ainult k\u00f5rgeimate kvaliteedi- ja ohutusstandardite, nagu REACH, CLP ja RAL j\u00e4rgi. Kui k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid kasutatakse vastavalt Spaas juhistele, siis terviseriski ei ole.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0Pagels, J., Wierzbicka, A., Nilsson, E., Isaxon, C., Dahl, A., Gudmundsson, A., Swietlicki, E., Bohgard, M. (2009). K\u00fc\u00fcnlasuitsu osakeste keemiline koostis ja massiemissioonitegurid. Aerosol Science 40 (2009), 193-208<\/p>\n<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0https:\/\/mst.dk\/service\/publikationer\/publikationsarkiv\/2018\/dec\/environmentally-friendly-candles-with-reduced-particle-emissions\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad ei saasta \u00f5hku ega ole tervisele ohtlikud. Aeg-ajalt ilmub meediasse infot, nagu k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eralduvad peenosakesed oleksid justkui risk tervisele. K\u00fc\u00fcnlad, nii l\u00f5hnastatud kui ka l\u00f5hnata, p\u00f5levad lahtise leegiga ja v\u00f5ivad seet\u00f5ttu eraldada nii aineid, mis tavaliselt tekivad k\u00f5igis p\u00f5lemisprotsessides (nt formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, peenosakesed, tahm v\u00f5i NOx) kui ka lenduvaid koostisosi (n\u00e4iteks l\u00f5hnaained). Spaas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10268,"featured_media":2316610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3091,17881],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2316592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogi","category-kuunlad-nouanded"],"yoast_head":"\n
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Need juhised on enamasti v\u00e4lja toodud ka Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etikettidel tekstina v\u00f5i graafiliste s\u00fcmbolitena.<\/p>\n
L\u00f5hnakomponendid: korrektne kommunikatsioon + kasutusjuhendid<\/strong><\/h2>\nL\u00f5hnak\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5letamisel eraldub lisaks ka l\u00f5hnaaineid. L\u00f5hnaained on lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, t\u00e4nu millele me erinevaid aroome tunneme. Sellegipoolest tuleb k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etiketile lisada v\u00f5imalikult palju infot kasutuse kohta, et v\u00f5imalikke ohte ennetada.<\/p>\n
L\u00f5hnak\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00f5ivad tundlikel inimestel allergiaid tekitada. Seet\u00f5ttu on ka k\u00fc\u00fcnalde etikettidel v\u00e4lja toodud teadaolevad allergeenid, kui nende tase tootes on tavap\u00e4rasest tasemest k\u00f5rgem. Valdav enamus kasutajaid saab selliseid k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ilma probleemideta nautida. Need v\u00e4hesed, kes on aga teatud koostisosade suhtes tundlikud, on sellest tavaliselt teadlikud ning nii nagu toidu v\u00f5i kosmeetika puhul leiavad vajaliku teabe allergeenide osas etiketilt. Mittesobivuse korral j\u00e4etakse toode ostmata. Umbes 95% inimestel ei tekita k\u00fc\u00fcnaldes kasutatavad l\u00f5hnaained allergilist reaktsiooni.<\/p>\n
Teaduslikud uuringud<\/strong><\/h2>\nL\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlad<\/h3>\n\n- Bayreuthi Keskkonnauuringute Instituut \u00d6kometric GmbH (Saksamaa, 2007)<\/strong>: Enimkasutatud vahat\u00fc\u00fcpidest (parafiin, steariin, palm, soja, mesilasvaha) koosnevate l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde teaduslik v\u00f5rdlus. \u00d5husaastet testiti enam kui 300 erineva kemikaali osas. Kaks peamist j\u00e4reldust olid j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- P\u00f5lemisel tekkivate t\u00fc\u00fcpiliste saasteainete (nt tolueen, benseen, aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid, lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, PAH-id) koostis ja kogus on erinevate vahat\u00fc\u00fcpide puhul sarnane.<\/li>\n
- Heitkoguste ja realistliku k\u00fc\u00fcnlakasutuse p\u00f5hjal arvutatud kokkupuutetasemed olid sise\u00f5hu rangeimast juhis- ja piirv\u00e4\u00e4rtustest tunduvalt madalamad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Pagelsi jt artikkel<\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/a>: Lundi \u00fclikooli (Rootsi) uuringus uuriti pidevalt p\u00f5levatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest, tahmuvatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest ja p\u00e4rast kustutamist eralduvate osakeste suurust, arvu ja koostist. Leiti, et \u00fchtlase leegiga p\u00f5levad k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad suhteliselt palju \u00fclipeeneid osakesi. Erinevalt muudest t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest allikatest p\u00e4rit osakestest, nagu n\u00e4iteks rehvide h\u00f5\u00f5rdumine v\u00f5i tolm,\u00a0 koosnevad need osakesed enamasti tahi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest anorgaanilistest sooladest, st keha saab neid sissehingamisel lihtsalt lahustada ja v\u00e4ljutada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Taani Keskkonnakaitseagentuur (2018)<\/a>[2]<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0Taani EPA tellitud ja Taani Tehnoloogiainstituudi (DTI) tehtud p\u00f5hjalik uuring kinnitas Pagelsi jt j\u00e4reldusi Taanis k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavate ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlat\u00fc\u00fcpide kohta ja tegi m\u00f5ned lisaj\u00e4reldused:\n
\n- K\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad p\u00f5lemise ajal t\u00f5epoolest suhteliselt palju peenosakesi. Kuid seni, kuni k\u00fc\u00fcnlad on tootjate juhiste kohaselt tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest kaitstud, koosnevad peaaegu k\u00f5ik k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eraldunud osakesed k\u00fc\u00fcnlatahtide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest sooladest. Need soolad lahustuvad vees kergesti, st nad ei ole p\u00fcsivad ja v\u00f5ivad organismist kergesti v\u00e4ljuda.<\/li>\n
- Osakeste tahmasisaldus on v\u00e4ga madal ja palju v\u00e4iksem kui n\u00e4iteks diisli heitgaasis.<\/li>\n
- Raskemetalle, nagu n\u00e4iteks plii v\u00f5i nikkel, ei leitud heitmetes.<\/li>\n
- Lenduvate orgaaniliste \u00fchendite (LO\u00dc) emissioon oli v\u00e4ga madal.<\/li>\n
- Nende oluliste erinevuste t\u00f5ttu ei saa k\u00fc\u00fcnalde poolt eralduvaid osakesi otseselt v\u00f5rrelda teistest allikatest eralduvate osakestega, nt. liikluse j\u00e4rgi.<\/li>\n
- Soovitatav on soetada kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad, kaitsta neid p\u00f5lemise ajal tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest ja k\u00e4rpida taht, kui see liiga pikaks l\u00e4heb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnlad<\/h3>\n\n- ECA ja NCA uuring aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnalde kohta<\/strong>\u00a0(eeldatav avaldamine: juuli 2020): Fraunhofer WKI (Saksamaa) seni k\u00f5ige p\u00f5hjalikum teaduslik uuring l\u00f5hnastatud ja ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde gaasiliste ja tahkete osakeste heitkoguste kohta. K\u00f5ige olulisemad leiud on j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- Peaaegu k\u00f5igi m\u00f5\u00f5detud parameetrite puhul, mille jaoks on olemas toksikoloogiliselt p\u00f5hjendatud sise\u00f5hu v\u00e4\u00e4rtused (formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, atseetaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, propioonaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, benseen, tolueen, st\u00fcreen, ks\u00fcleenid, naftaleen, limoneen, s\u00fcsinikoksiid ja osakesed PM2,5) on sise\u00f5hu vastavad l\u00fchi- ja pikaajalised kontsentratsioonid ohutult t\u00e4idetud ja m\u00f5nel juhul j\u00e4\u00e4vad kehtestatud ohututest tasemetest tunduvalt allapoole. \u00dche parameetri (benso[a]p\u00fcreen) puhul \u00fcletasid m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad pikaajalisel p\u00f5lemisel veidi WHO soovituslikku v\u00e4\u00e4rtust. Kuna normi \u00fcletati vaid natukene, siis j\u00e4\u00e4b see m\u00f5\u00f5tevea piiridesse ja ka ohutustasemesse.<\/li>\n
- L\u00e4mmastikdioksiidi, mis on teatud temperatuuride \u00fcletamisel \u00f5hus olevast l\u00e4mmastikust ja hapnikust tekkiv tavaline p\u00f5lemisprodukt, \u00f5husaaste emissioon oli koosk\u00f5las WHO ja EL-i pikaajaliste v\u00e4\u00e4rtustega. Vaid kaks k\u00fc\u00fcnalt 24-st \u00fcletasid veidi l\u00fchiajalist v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
J\u00e4reldus<\/strong><\/h2>\nVaatamata sellele, et h\u00e4sti p\u00f5levad, peaaegu t\u00e4ieliku p\u00f5lemisega k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad peenosakesi, ei pea praeguste teadmiste alusel nende osakeste p\u00e4rast muretsema. Teaduslikud uuringud n\u00e4itavad, et saasteainete heitkogused j\u00e4\u00e4vad tavaliselt alla toksikoloogiliste piirnormide, m\u00f5nikord isegi tunduvalt madalamale. Vaid harvadel juhtudel v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00e4ga rangeid piirnorme veidi \u00fcletada, mis ei ole aga kohe oht tervisele. \u00d5husaaste v\u00e4hendamise huvides tuleb v\u00e4ltida mittet\u00e4ielikku p\u00f5lemist, mida iseloomustab tahma v\u00f5i h\u00f5\u00f5guva tolmu n\u00e4htav eraldumine p\u00e4rast k\u00fc\u00fcnalde kustutamist. Selleks on oluline, et kasutusjuhised oleksid l\u00f5pptarbijale selgelt edastatud. Lisaks m\u00e4ngib olulist rolli alusmaterjalide kvaliteet. Seet\u00f5ttu arendab Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ainult k\u00f5rgeimate kvaliteedi- ja ohutusstandardite, nagu REACH, CLP ja RAL j\u00e4rgi. Kui k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid kasutatakse vastavalt Spaas juhistele, siis terviseriski ei ole.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0Pagels, J., Wierzbicka, A., Nilsson, E., Isaxon, C., Dahl, A., Gudmundsson, A., Swietlicki, E., Bohgard, M. (2009). K\u00fc\u00fcnlasuitsu osakeste keemiline koostis ja massiemissioonitegurid. Aerosol Science 40 (2009), 193-208<\/p>\n<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0https:\/\/mst.dk\/service\/publikationer\/publikationsarkiv\/2018\/dec\/environmentally-friendly-candles-with-reduced-particle-emissions\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad ei saasta \u00f5hku ega ole tervisele ohtlikud. Aeg-ajalt ilmub meediasse infot, nagu k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eralduvad peenosakesed oleksid justkui risk tervisele. K\u00fc\u00fcnlad, nii l\u00f5hnastatud kui ka l\u00f5hnata, p\u00f5levad lahtise leegiga ja v\u00f5ivad seet\u00f5ttu eraldada nii aineid, mis tavaliselt tekivad k\u00f5igis p\u00f5lemisprotsessides (nt formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, peenosakesed, tahm v\u00f5i NOx) kui ka lenduvaid koostisosi (n\u00e4iteks l\u00f5hnaained). Spaas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10268,"featured_media":2316610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3091,17881],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2316592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogi","category-kuunlad-nouanded"],"yoast_head":"\n
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L\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlad<\/h3>\n\n- Bayreuthi Keskkonnauuringute Instituut \u00d6kometric GmbH (Saksamaa, 2007)<\/strong>: Enimkasutatud vahat\u00fc\u00fcpidest (parafiin, steariin, palm, soja, mesilasvaha) koosnevate l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde teaduslik v\u00f5rdlus. \u00d5husaastet testiti enam kui 300 erineva kemikaali osas. Kaks peamist j\u00e4reldust olid j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- P\u00f5lemisel tekkivate t\u00fc\u00fcpiliste saasteainete (nt tolueen, benseen, aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid, lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, PAH-id) koostis ja kogus on erinevate vahat\u00fc\u00fcpide puhul sarnane.<\/li>\n
- Heitkoguste ja realistliku k\u00fc\u00fcnlakasutuse p\u00f5hjal arvutatud kokkupuutetasemed olid sise\u00f5hu rangeimast juhis- ja piirv\u00e4\u00e4rtustest tunduvalt madalamad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Pagelsi jt artikkel<\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/a>: Lundi \u00fclikooli (Rootsi) uuringus uuriti pidevalt p\u00f5levatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest, tahmuvatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest ja p\u00e4rast kustutamist eralduvate osakeste suurust, arvu ja koostist. Leiti, et \u00fchtlase leegiga p\u00f5levad k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad suhteliselt palju \u00fclipeeneid osakesi. Erinevalt muudest t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest allikatest p\u00e4rit osakestest, nagu n\u00e4iteks rehvide h\u00f5\u00f5rdumine v\u00f5i tolm,\u00a0 koosnevad need osakesed enamasti tahi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest anorgaanilistest sooladest, st keha saab neid sissehingamisel lihtsalt lahustada ja v\u00e4ljutada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Taani Keskkonnakaitseagentuur (2018)<\/a>[2]<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0Taani EPA tellitud ja Taani Tehnoloogiainstituudi (DTI) tehtud p\u00f5hjalik uuring kinnitas Pagelsi jt j\u00e4reldusi Taanis k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavate ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlat\u00fc\u00fcpide kohta ja tegi m\u00f5ned lisaj\u00e4reldused:\n
\n- K\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad p\u00f5lemise ajal t\u00f5epoolest suhteliselt palju peenosakesi. Kuid seni, kuni k\u00fc\u00fcnlad on tootjate juhiste kohaselt tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest kaitstud, koosnevad peaaegu k\u00f5ik k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eraldunud osakesed k\u00fc\u00fcnlatahtide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest sooladest. Need soolad lahustuvad vees kergesti, st nad ei ole p\u00fcsivad ja v\u00f5ivad organismist kergesti v\u00e4ljuda.<\/li>\n
- Osakeste tahmasisaldus on v\u00e4ga madal ja palju v\u00e4iksem kui n\u00e4iteks diisli heitgaasis.<\/li>\n
- Raskemetalle, nagu n\u00e4iteks plii v\u00f5i nikkel, ei leitud heitmetes.<\/li>\n
- Lenduvate orgaaniliste \u00fchendite (LO\u00dc) emissioon oli v\u00e4ga madal.<\/li>\n
- Nende oluliste erinevuste t\u00f5ttu ei saa k\u00fc\u00fcnalde poolt eralduvaid osakesi otseselt v\u00f5rrelda teistest allikatest eralduvate osakestega, nt. liikluse j\u00e4rgi.<\/li>\n
- Soovitatav on soetada kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad, kaitsta neid p\u00f5lemise ajal tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest ja k\u00e4rpida taht, kui see liiga pikaks l\u00e4heb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnlad<\/h3>\n\n- ECA ja NCA uuring aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnalde kohta<\/strong>\u00a0(eeldatav avaldamine: juuli 2020): Fraunhofer WKI (Saksamaa) seni k\u00f5ige p\u00f5hjalikum teaduslik uuring l\u00f5hnastatud ja ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde gaasiliste ja tahkete osakeste heitkoguste kohta. K\u00f5ige olulisemad leiud on j\u00e4rgmised:\n
\n- Peaaegu k\u00f5igi m\u00f5\u00f5detud parameetrite puhul, mille jaoks on olemas toksikoloogiliselt p\u00f5hjendatud sise\u00f5hu v\u00e4\u00e4rtused (formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, atseetaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, propioonaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, benseen, tolueen, st\u00fcreen, ks\u00fcleenid, naftaleen, limoneen, s\u00fcsinikoksiid ja osakesed PM2,5) on sise\u00f5hu vastavad l\u00fchi- ja pikaajalised kontsentratsioonid ohutult t\u00e4idetud ja m\u00f5nel juhul j\u00e4\u00e4vad kehtestatud ohututest tasemetest tunduvalt allapoole. \u00dche parameetri (benso[a]p\u00fcreen) puhul \u00fcletasid m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad pikaajalisel p\u00f5lemisel veidi WHO soovituslikku v\u00e4\u00e4rtust. Kuna normi \u00fcletati vaid natukene, siis j\u00e4\u00e4b see m\u00f5\u00f5tevea piiridesse ja ka ohutustasemesse.<\/li>\n
- L\u00e4mmastikdioksiidi, mis on teatud temperatuuride \u00fcletamisel \u00f5hus olevast l\u00e4mmastikust ja hapnikust tekkiv tavaline p\u00f5lemisprodukt, \u00f5husaaste emissioon oli koosk\u00f5las WHO ja EL-i pikaajaliste v\u00e4\u00e4rtustega. Vaid kaks k\u00fc\u00fcnalt 24-st \u00fcletasid veidi l\u00fchiajalist v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
J\u00e4reldus<\/strong><\/h2>\nVaatamata sellele, et h\u00e4sti p\u00f5levad, peaaegu t\u00e4ieliku p\u00f5lemisega k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad peenosakesi, ei pea praeguste teadmiste alusel nende osakeste p\u00e4rast muretsema. Teaduslikud uuringud n\u00e4itavad, et saasteainete heitkogused j\u00e4\u00e4vad tavaliselt alla toksikoloogiliste piirnormide, m\u00f5nikord isegi tunduvalt madalamale. Vaid harvadel juhtudel v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00e4ga rangeid piirnorme veidi \u00fcletada, mis ei ole aga kohe oht tervisele. \u00d5husaaste v\u00e4hendamise huvides tuleb v\u00e4ltida mittet\u00e4ielikku p\u00f5lemist, mida iseloomustab tahma v\u00f5i h\u00f5\u00f5guva tolmu n\u00e4htav eraldumine p\u00e4rast k\u00fc\u00fcnalde kustutamist. Selleks on oluline, et kasutusjuhised oleksid l\u00f5pptarbijale selgelt edastatud. Lisaks m\u00e4ngib olulist rolli alusmaterjalide kvaliteet. Seet\u00f5ttu arendab Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ainult k\u00f5rgeimate kvaliteedi- ja ohutusstandardite, nagu REACH, CLP ja RAL j\u00e4rgi. Kui k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid kasutatakse vastavalt Spaas juhistele, siis terviseriski ei ole.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0Pagels, J., Wierzbicka, A., Nilsson, E., Isaxon, C., Dahl, A., Gudmundsson, A., Swietlicki, E., Bohgard, M. (2009). K\u00fc\u00fcnlasuitsu osakeste keemiline koostis ja massiemissioonitegurid. Aerosol Science 40 (2009), 193-208<\/p>\n<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0https:\/\/mst.dk\/service\/publikationer\/publikationsarkiv\/2018\/dec\/environmentally-friendly-candles-with-reduced-particle-emissions\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad ei saasta \u00f5hku ega ole tervisele ohtlikud. Aeg-ajalt ilmub meediasse infot, nagu k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eralduvad peenosakesed oleksid justkui risk tervisele. K\u00fc\u00fcnlad, nii l\u00f5hnastatud kui ka l\u00f5hnata, p\u00f5levad lahtise leegiga ja v\u00f5ivad seet\u00f5ttu eraldada nii aineid, mis tavaliselt tekivad k\u00f5igis p\u00f5lemisprotsessides (nt formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, peenosakesed, tahm v\u00f5i NOx) kui ka lenduvaid koostisosi (n\u00e4iteks l\u00f5hnaained). Spaas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10268,"featured_media":2316610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3091,17881],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2316592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogi","category-kuunlad-nouanded"],"yoast_head":"\n
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- \n
- P\u00f5lemisel tekkivate t\u00fc\u00fcpiliste saasteainete (nt tolueen, benseen, aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid, lenduvad orgaanilised \u00fchendid, PAH-id) koostis ja kogus on erinevate vahat\u00fc\u00fcpide puhul sarnane.<\/li>\n
- Heitkoguste ja realistliku k\u00fc\u00fcnlakasutuse p\u00f5hjal arvutatud kokkupuutetasemed olid sise\u00f5hu rangeimast juhis- ja piirv\u00e4\u00e4rtustest tunduvalt madalamad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
- \n
- Pagelsi jt artikkel<\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/a>: Lundi \u00fclikooli (Rootsi) uuringus uuriti pidevalt p\u00f5levatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest, tahmuvatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest ja p\u00e4rast kustutamist eralduvate osakeste suurust, arvu ja koostist. Leiti, et \u00fchtlase leegiga p\u00f5levad k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad suhteliselt palju \u00fclipeeneid osakesi. Erinevalt muudest t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest allikatest p\u00e4rit osakestest, nagu n\u00e4iteks rehvide h\u00f5\u00f5rdumine v\u00f5i tolm,\u00a0 koosnevad need osakesed enamasti tahi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest anorgaanilistest sooladest, st keha saab neid sissehingamisel lihtsalt lahustada ja v\u00e4ljutada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
- \n
- Taani Keskkonnakaitseagentuur (2018)<\/a>[2]<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0Taani EPA tellitud ja Taani Tehnoloogiainstituudi (DTI) tehtud p\u00f5hjalik uuring kinnitas Pagelsi jt j\u00e4reldusi Taanis k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavate ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlat\u00fc\u00fcpide kohta ja tegi m\u00f5ned lisaj\u00e4reldused:\n
- \n
- K\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad p\u00f5lemise ajal t\u00f5epoolest suhteliselt palju peenosakesi. Kuid seni, kuni k\u00fc\u00fcnlad on tootjate juhiste kohaselt tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest kaitstud, koosnevad peaaegu k\u00f5ik k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eraldunud osakesed k\u00fc\u00fcnlatahtide t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest sooladest. Need soolad lahustuvad vees kergesti, st nad ei ole p\u00fcsivad ja v\u00f5ivad organismist kergesti v\u00e4ljuda.<\/li>\n
- Osakeste tahmasisaldus on v\u00e4ga madal ja palju v\u00e4iksem kui n\u00e4iteks diisli heitgaasis.<\/li>\n
- Raskemetalle, nagu n\u00e4iteks plii v\u00f5i nikkel, ei leitud heitmetes.<\/li>\n
- Lenduvate orgaaniliste \u00fchendite (LO\u00dc) emissioon oli v\u00e4ga madal.<\/li>\n
- Nende oluliste erinevuste t\u00f5ttu ei saa k\u00fc\u00fcnalde poolt eralduvaid osakesi otseselt v\u00f5rrelda teistest allikatest eralduvate osakestega, nt. liikluse j\u00e4rgi.<\/li>\n
- Soovitatav on soetada kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad, kaitsta neid p\u00f5lemise ajal tuulet\u00f5mbuse eest ja k\u00e4rpida taht, kui see liiga pikaks l\u00e4heb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnlad
<\/h3>\n- \n
- ECA ja NCA uuring aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnalde kohta<\/strong>\u00a0(eeldatav avaldamine: juuli 2020): Fraunhofer WKI (Saksamaa) seni k\u00f5ige p\u00f5hjalikum teaduslik uuring l\u00f5hnastatud ja ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde gaasiliste ja tahkete osakeste heitkoguste kohta. K\u00f5ige olulisemad leiud on j\u00e4rgmised:\n
- \n
- Peaaegu k\u00f5igi m\u00f5\u00f5detud parameetrite puhul, mille jaoks on olemas toksikoloogiliselt p\u00f5hjendatud sise\u00f5hu v\u00e4\u00e4rtused (formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, atseetaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, propioonaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, benseen, tolueen, st\u00fcreen, ks\u00fcleenid, naftaleen, limoneen, s\u00fcsinikoksiid ja osakesed PM2,5) on sise\u00f5hu vastavad l\u00fchi- ja pikaajalised kontsentratsioonid ohutult t\u00e4idetud ja m\u00f5nel juhul j\u00e4\u00e4vad kehtestatud ohututest tasemetest tunduvalt allapoole. \u00dche parameetri (benso[a]p\u00fcreen) puhul \u00fcletasid m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad pikaajalisel p\u00f5lemisel veidi WHO soovituslikku v\u00e4\u00e4rtust. Kuna normi \u00fcletati vaid natukene, siis j\u00e4\u00e4b see m\u00f5\u00f5tevea piiridesse ja ka ohutustasemesse.<\/li>\n
- L\u00e4mmastikdioksiidi, mis on teatud temperatuuride \u00fcletamisel \u00f5hus olevast l\u00e4mmastikust ja hapnikust tekkiv tavaline p\u00f5lemisprodukt, \u00f5husaaste emissioon oli koosk\u00f5las WHO ja EL-i pikaajaliste v\u00e4\u00e4rtustega. Vaid kaks k\u00fc\u00fcnalt 24-st \u00fcletasid veidi l\u00fchiajalist v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
J\u00e4reldus<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Vaatamata sellele, et h\u00e4sti p\u00f5levad, peaaegu t\u00e4ieliku p\u00f5lemisega k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad peenosakesi, ei pea praeguste teadmiste alusel nende osakeste p\u00e4rast muretsema. Teaduslikud uuringud n\u00e4itavad, et saasteainete heitkogused j\u00e4\u00e4vad tavaliselt alla toksikoloogiliste piirnormide, m\u00f5nikord isegi tunduvalt madalamale. Vaid harvadel juhtudel v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5ned k\u00fc\u00fcnlad v\u00e4ga rangeid piirnorme veidi \u00fcletada, mis ei ole aga kohe oht tervisele. \u00d5husaaste v\u00e4hendamise huvides tuleb v\u00e4ltida mittet\u00e4ielikku p\u00f5lemist, mida iseloomustab tahma v\u00f5i h\u00f5\u00f5guva tolmu n\u00e4htav eraldumine p\u00e4rast k\u00fc\u00fcnalde kustutamist. Selleks on oluline, et kasutusjuhised oleksid l\u00f5pptarbijale selgelt edastatud. Lisaks m\u00e4ngib olulist rolli alusmaterjalide kvaliteet. Seet\u00f5ttu arendab Spaas k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid ainult k\u00f5rgeimate kvaliteedi- ja ohutusstandardite, nagu REACH, CLP ja RAL j\u00e4rgi. Kui k\u00fc\u00fcnlaid kasutatakse vastavalt Spaas juhistele, siis terviseriski ei ole.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0Pagels, J., Wierzbicka, A., Nilsson, E., Isaxon, C., Dahl, A., Gudmundsson, A., Swietlicki, E., Bohgard, M. (2009). K\u00fc\u00fcnlasuitsu osakeste keemiline koostis ja massiemissioonitegurid. Aerosol Science 40 (2009), 193-208<\/p>\n
<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0https:\/\/mst.dk\/service\/publikationer\/publikationsarkiv\/2018\/dec\/environmentally-friendly-candles-with-reduced-particle-emissions\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kvaliteetsed k\u00fc\u00fcnlad ei saasta \u00f5hku ega ole tervisele ohtlikud. Aeg-ajalt ilmub meediasse infot, nagu k\u00fc\u00fcnalde p\u00f5lemisel eralduvad peenosakesed oleksid justkui risk tervisele. K\u00fc\u00fcnlad, nii l\u00f5hnastatud kui ka l\u00f5hnata, p\u00f5levad lahtise leegiga ja v\u00f5ivad seet\u00f5ttu eraldada nii aineid, mis tavaliselt tekivad k\u00f5igis p\u00f5lemisprotsessides (nt formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, peenosakesed, tahm v\u00f5i NOx) kui ka lenduvaid koostisosi (n\u00e4iteks l\u00f5hnaained). Spaas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10268,"featured_media":2316610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3091,17881],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2316592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogi","category-kuunlad-nouanded"],"yoast_head":"\n
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- ECA ja NCA uuring aroomik\u00fc\u00fcnalde kohta<\/strong>\u00a0(eeldatav avaldamine: juuli 2020): Fraunhofer WKI (Saksamaa) seni k\u00f5ige p\u00f5hjalikum teaduslik uuring l\u00f5hnastatud ja ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnalde gaasiliste ja tahkete osakeste heitkoguste kohta. K\u00f5ige olulisemad leiud on j\u00e4rgmised:\n
- Taani Keskkonnakaitseagentuur (2018)<\/a>[2]<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0Taani EPA tellitud ja Taani Tehnoloogiainstituudi (DTI) tehtud p\u00f5hjalik uuring kinnitas Pagelsi jt j\u00e4reldusi Taanis k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavate ilma l\u00f5hnata k\u00fc\u00fcnlat\u00fc\u00fcpide kohta ja tegi m\u00f5ned lisaj\u00e4reldused:\n
- Pagelsi jt artikkel<\/strong><\/a>[1]<\/a>: Lundi \u00fclikooli (Rootsi) uuringus uuriti pidevalt p\u00f5levatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest, tahmuvatest k\u00fc\u00fcnaldest ja p\u00e4rast kustutamist eralduvate osakeste suurust, arvu ja koostist. Leiti, et \u00fchtlase leegiga p\u00f5levad k\u00fc\u00fcnlad eraldavad suhteliselt palju \u00fclipeeneid osakesi. Erinevalt muudest t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest allikatest p\u00e4rit osakestest, nagu n\u00e4iteks rehvide h\u00f5\u00f5rdumine v\u00f5i tolm,\u00a0 koosnevad need osakesed enamasti tahi t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks kasutatavatest anorgaanilistest sooladest, st keha saab neid sissehingamisel lihtsalt lahustada ja v\u00e4ljutada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n